The treatment of large musculoskeletal defects (critical-sized segmental bone defects and volumetric muscle loss) due to congenital defects, trauma or cancer resection remains a huge clinical challenge. Tissue engineering provides a viable means of obtaining ‘autologous’ grafts for the treatment of large musculoskeletal defects.  However, therapeutic application of these grafts requires the development of readily translatable biomaterials that can be used in combination with easily procurable cell sources. Our lab has developed promising technologies to regenerate vascularized bone grafts to repair craniofacial defects that employ the of use adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). We also exploit the myogenic potential of these ASCs to develop potential therapies for volumetric muscle loss. This seminar will describe some of our most recent and exciting findings that are relevant to developing personalized treatment modalities and regenerative therapies.